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First direct visual evidence – ring-like structure like M87* - Theoretical Physicists of Goethe University Frankfurt instrumental in interpreting the data
Astronomers have unveiled the first image of the supermassive black hole at the centre of our own Milky Way galaxy. This result provides overwhelming evidence that the object is indeed a black hole and yields valuable clues about the workings of such giants, which are thought to reside at the centre of most galaxies. The image was produced by a global research team called the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration, using observations from a worldwide network of radio telescopes. Theoretical Physicists from Goethe University Frankfurt were instrumental in interpreting the data.
FRANKFURT. The
image is a long-anticipated look at the massive object that sits at the very
centre of our galaxy. Scientists had previously seen stars orbiting around
something invisible, compact, and very massive at the centre of the Milky Way.
This strongly suggested that this object — known as Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*,
pronounced "sadge-ay-star") — is a black hole, and today's image
provides the first direct visual evidence of it.
Although we cannot see the black hole
itself, because it is completely dark, glowing gas around it reveals a
tell-tale signature: a dark central region (called a “shadow") surrounded by a
bright ring-like structure. The new view captures light bent by the powerful
gravity of the black hole, which is four million times more massive than our
Sun.
“We were stunned by how well the size of
the ring agreed with predictions from Einstein's
theory of general relativity," says EHT
Project Scientist Geoffrey Bower from the Institute of Astronomy and
Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei. “These unprecedented observations have
greatly improved our understanding of what happens at the very centre of our
galaxy and offer new insights on how these giant black holes interact with
their surroundings."
Because the black hole is about 27,000
light-years away from Earth, it appears to us to have about the same size in
the sky as a donut on the Moon. To image it, the team created the powerful EHT,
which linked together eight existing radio observatories across the planet to
form a single “Earth-sized" virtual telescope [1]. The EHT observed Sgr A* on
multiple nights, collecting data for many hours in a row, similar to using a
long exposure time on a camera.
The enormous amount of observational data
collected had to be interpreted theoretically. For this, a research team led by
theoretical astrophysicist Luciano Rezzolla from Goethe University Frankfurt
used supercomputers to simulate how a black hole could look like when observed
by the EHT – based on what had already been known about Sgr A*. In this way,
the scientists created a library of millions of images. Then, they compared
this image library with the thousands of
different images of the EHT to deduce the properties of Sgr A*.
The breakthrough follows the EHT
Collaboration's 2019 release of the first image of a black hole, called M87*,
at the centre of the more distant Messier 87 galaxy.
The two black holes look remarkably
similar, even though our galaxy's black hole is more than a thousand times
smaller and less massive than M87* [2]. “We have two completely different types
of galaxies and two very different black hole masses, but close to the edge of these
black holes they look amazingly similar," says Sera Markoff, Vice Chair of the
EHT Science Council and a professor of theoretical astrophysics at the
University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. “This tells us that general
relativity governs these objects up close, and any differences we see further
away must be due to differences in the material that surrounds the black
holes."
This achievement was considerably more
difficult than for M87*, even though Sgr A* is much closer to us. EHT scientist
Chi-kwan ('CK') Chan, from Steward Observatory, the Department of Astronomy and
the Data Science Institute at the University of Arizona, US, explains: “The gas
in the vicinity of the black holes moves at the same speed — nearly as fast as
light — around both Sgr A* and M87*. But where gas takes days to weeks to orbit
the larger M87*, in the much smaller Sgr A* it completes an orbit in mere
minutes. This means the brightness and pattern of the gas around Sgr A* was
changing rapidly as the EHT Collaboration was observing it — a bit like trying
to take a clear picture of a puppy quickly chasing its tail."
The researchers had to develop
sophisticated new tools that accounted for the gas movement around Sgr A*.
While M87* was an easier, steadier target, with nearly all images looking the
same, that was not the case for Sgr A*. The image of the Sgr A* black hole is
an average of the different images the team extracted, finally revealing the
giant lurking at the centre of our galaxy for the first time.
The effort was made possible through the
ingenuity of more than 300 researchers from 80 institutes around the world that
together make up the EHT Collaboration. In addition to developing complex tools
to overcome the challenges of imaging Sgr A*, the team worked rigorously for
five years, using supercomputers to combine and analyse their data, all while
compiling an unprecedented library of simulated black holes to compare with the
observations.
Luciano Rezzolla, professor of Theoretical
Astrophysics at Goethe University Frankfurt, explains: “The mass and distance
of the object were known very precisely before our observations. We thus used
these tight constraints on the size of the shadow to rule out other compact
objects – such as boson stars or wormholes – and conclude that: 'What we're
seeing definitely looks like a black hole!'"
Using advanced numerical codes, theorists
in Frankfurt have performed extensive calculations on the properties of the
plasma accreting onto the black hole. Rezzolla: “We managed to calculate three
million synthetic images varying the accretion and radiation emission models,
and considering the variations seen by observers at different inclinations with
respect to the black hole."
This last operation was necessary because
the image of a black hole can be radically different when seen by observers at
different inclinations. “Indeed, a reason why our images of Sgr A* and M87* are
rather similar is because we're seeing the two black holes from an almost
identical angle," Rezzolla explains.
“To understand how the EHT has produced an
image of Sgr A* one can think of producing a picture of a mountain peak based
on a time-lapse video. While most of the time the peak will be visible in the
time-lapse video, there are times when it is not because it is obscured by
clouds. On average, however, the peak is clearly there. Something similar is
true also for Sgr A*, whose observations lead to thousands of images which have
been collected in four classes and then averaged according to their properties.
The end result is a clear first image of the black hole at the centre of the
Milky Way." Rezzolla concludes.
Scientists are particularly excited to
finally have images of two black holes of very different sizes, which offers
the opportunity to understand how they compare and contrast. They have also
begun to use the new data to test theories and models of how gas behaves around
supermassive black holes. This process is not yet fully understood but is
thought to play a key role in shaping the formation and evolution of galaxies.
“Now we can study the differences between
these two supermassive black holes to gain valuable new clues about how this
important process works," says EHT scientist Keiichi Asada from the Institute
of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei. “We have images for two
black holes — one at the large end and one at the small end of supermassive
black holes in the Universe — so we can go a lot further in testing how gravity
behaves in these extreme environments than ever before."
Progress on the EHT continues: a major
observation campaign in March 2022 included more telescopes than ever before.
The ongoing expansion of the EHT network and significant technological upgrades
will allow scientists to share even more impressive images as well as videos of
black holes in the near future.
To Goethe University are associated a
number of scientists in the EHT Collaboration. Together with Professor Luciano
Rezzolla, Dr Alejandro Cruz Orsorio, Dr Prashant Kocherlakota and Kotaro
Moriyama, also Prof Mariafelicia De Laurentis (University of Naples), Dr
Christian Fromm (University of Würzburg), Prof Roman Gold (University of
Southern Denmark), Dr Antonios Nathanail (University of Athens), and Dr Ziri
Younsi (University College London) have provided essential contributions to the
theoretical research in the EHT Collaboration.
This work has been supported by the
European Research Council.
Notes:
[1] The individual telescopes involved in
the EHT in April 2017, when the observations were conducted, were: the Atacama
Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment
(APEX), the IRAM 30-meter Telescope, the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT),
the Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano (LMT), the Submillimeter Array
(SMA), the UArizona Submillimeter Telescope (SMT), the South Pole Telescope
(SPT). Since then, the EHT has added the Greenland Telescope (GLT), the NOrthern
Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) and the UArizona 12-meter Telescope on Kitt
Peak to its network.
ALMA is a partnership of the European
Southern Observatory (ESO; Europe, representing its member states), the U.S.
National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Institutes of Natural
Sciences (NINS) of Japan, together with the National Research Council (Canada),
the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST; Taiwan), Academia Sinica
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA; Taiwan) and Korea Astronomy and
Space Science Institute (KASI; Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the
Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, the
Associated Universities, Inc./National Radio Astronomy Observatory (AUI/NRAO)
and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). APEX, a
collaboration between the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (Germany),
the Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden) and ESO, is operated by ESO. The 30-meter
telescope is operated by IRAM (the IRAM partner organizations are MPG
(Germany), CNRS (France) and IGN (Spain)). The JCMT is operated by the East
Asian Observatory on behalf of the Center for Astronomical Mega-Science of the
Chinese Academy of Sciences, NAOJ, ASIAA, KASI, the National Astronomical
Research Institute of Thailand and organizations in the United Kingdom and
Canada. The LMT is operated by INAOE and UMass, the SMA is operated by Center
for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian and ASIAA, and the UArizona SMT is
operated by the University of Arizona. The SPT is operated by the University of
Chicago with specialized EHT instrumentation provided by the University of
Arizona.
The Greenland Telescope (GLT) is operated by ASIAA and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO). The GLT is part of the ALMA-Taiwan project, and is supported in part by the Academia Sinica (AS) and MOST. NOEMA is operated by IRAM and the UArizona 12-meter telescope at Kitt Peak is operated by the University of Arizona.
[2] Black holes are the only objects we
know of where mass scales with size. A black hole a thousand times smaller than
another is also a thousand times less massive.
Publications:
First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon
Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center
of the Milky Way: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac6674 and https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ac6674
All 10 publications in Astrophysical
Journal Letters:
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205/page/Focus_on_First_Sgr_A_Results
Pictures
for Download:
https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/119021712
1) EHT_PR_Main_Image_Original.tiff
First
image of the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way
This is the first image of Sagittarius A*
(Sgr A*), the supermassive black hole at the centre of our galaxy, captured by the
Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). It is the first direct visual evidence of the
presence of this black hole. The telescope is named after the “event horizon",
the boundary of the black hole beyond which no light can escape.
Although we cannot see the event horizon itself, because it cannot emit light,
glowing gas orbiting around the black hole reveals a tell-tale signature: a
dark central region (called a “shadow") surrounded by a bright ring-like
structure. The new view captures light bent by the powerful gravity of the
black hole, which is four million times more massive than our Sun. The image of
the Sgr A* black hole is an average of the different images the EHT
Collaboration has extracted from its 2017 observations.
Image credit: EHT Collaboration
2) Simulation_AccretionDisk_SgrAStar.png
Simulation
of the Accretion Disk around the Black Hole Sgr A*
Example of a simulation of how the gas orbits the black hole in the center of
our Milky Way and emits radio waves at 1.3 mm. Credit: Younsi, Fromm, Mizuno
& Rezzolla (University College London, Goethe University Frankfurt)
3) EHT_PR_Secondary_Image.tiff
Making of the image of the black hole at the
centre of the Milky Way (image)
The Event
Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration has created a single image (top frame) of
the supermassive black hole at the centre of our galaxy, called Sagittarius A*
(or Sgr A* for short), by combining images extracted from the EHT observations.
The main image was produced by averaging together thousands of images created
using different computational methods — all of which accurately fit the EHT
data. This averaged image retains features more commonly seen in the varied
images and suppresses features that appear infrequently.
The images can also be clustered into four groups based on similar features. An
averaged, representative image for each of the four clusters is shown in the
bottom row. Three of the clusters show a ring structure, but with differently
distributed brightness around the ring. The fourth cluster contains images that
also fit the data but do not appear ring-like.
The bar graphs show the relative number of images belonging to each cluster.
Thousands of images fell into each of the first three clusters, while the
fourth and smallest cluster contains only hundreds of images. The heights of
the bars indicate the relative “weights", or contributions, of each cluster to
the averaged image at top.
Image credit: EHT Collaboration
4) Rezzolla_Luciano_2019_Credit_JuergenLecher.jpg
Luciano
Rezzolla
Luciano
Rezzolla, Professor für Theoretische Astrophysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt.
Credit: Juergen Lecher for Goethe University Frankfurt
Youtube-Playlist
Black Hole
Find
further animations on how the picture of the black hole in the center of our
galaxy was made on the Goethe
University's playlist „Black Hole“
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLn5gYfEKIag8nps1GKLqUW35AOgQY7aM2
Further
pictures and video clips provided by EHT Collaboration:
https://eventhorizontelescope.teamwork.com/#notebooks/240600
(Animationen)
https://eventhorizontelescope.teamwork.com/#notebooks/240540
(Bilder)
Websites
https://eventhorizontelescope.org/ EHT Website
https://blackholecam.org/ Black Hole Cam-Project
Contact:
Professor Luciano Rezzolla
Institute for Theoretical Physics
Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
Phone: +49 (69) 798-47871
rezzolla@itp.uni-frankfurt.de
https://astro.uni-frankfurt.de/rezzolla/
When Mongolian gazelles gather on green pastureland, 100,000 animals can soon come together. Then they scatter to the four winds. Why that is and how these animals can be protected in light of Mongolia's booming economy explains animal ecologist Thomas Müller in the current edition of “Forschung Frankfurt", which has now been published in English translation. Under the title “In motion", Goethe University Science Magazine presents a multifaceted spectrum of research projects, viewpoints and analyses by Goethe University researchers.
FRANKFURT. About
a million gazelles still inhabit one of the last intact grasslands in the
temperate zone: the Eastern Mongolian steppe. When the lush green grass begins
to sprout, huge groups of animals gather to graze – and then disappear again into
the landscape's vast expanses. Professor Thomas Müller, Senckenberg
Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre and Goethe University, and his team
have studied the animals' seemingly chaotic migratory behaviour, which is
unique worldwide, for many years. Time is pressing, as economic development in
Mongolia is on collision course with these wild animals: roads, railway lines
and oil production facilities are forcing their way deeper and deeper into the
steppe. New nature conservation concepts need to be developed here, as even the
large protection zones created by Mongolia in the past years do not meet the
animals' need for space: Müller estimates that a gazelle can explore an area
the size of Hungary during its lifetime.
In other articles in the current issue of
“Forschung Frankfurt", scientists from Goethe University report on their
research projects related to various aspects of motion, for example how they
teach computers to recognise different movements such as “cutting" or “waving",
how ADHD can affect adults too or how two movements in quantum physics are
superimposed, each of which only occurs with a certain probability. Other
articles explore, for example, how smartphones, which are almost ubiquitous,
are changing film as a medium or how sports clubs can foster the integration of
immigrants.
Journalists can order the current English-language issue of Forschung Frankfurt (2/2021) free of charge from: ott@pvw.uni-frankfurt.de
All articles are available online at www.forschung-frankfurt.de (then go to EN) or https://tinygu.de/ENForschungFrankfurt
International research team led by Goethe University debunks concept popular for decades
Contrary to a concept propagated for almost 30 years, specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, which our body forms from polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, evidently do not actively stop inflammation. Although such resolvins or lipoxins can be produced under laboratory conditions, it is highly probably that they play no physiological role whatsoever. This is corroborated by a review undertaken by an international research team led by Professor Dieter Steinhilber from Goethe University, Frankfurt. The starting point for this work, which has caused quite a stir in the academic community, was experimental findings by the Research Training Group “Resolution of inflammation – Mediators, signalling and therapeutic options" at Goethe University.
FRANKFURT. Inflammation
is the result of an active defence reaction by our immune system. It mostly disappears
by itself. It was once assumed to be a passive process because the immune cells
involved, having done their work, gradually die off or migrate. Today, we know
that our body also actively controls the resolution of inflammation. To this
end, certain cells of the innate immune system, known as M1 macrophages, which are
pro-inflammatory and in the first instance serve as a defence mechanism,
transform into M2 macrophages, which are anti-inflammatory and primarily help
to heal wounds.
In the past, the formation of specialized
pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) was considered an important molecular
effect of this transformation. Since their discovery in 1984, they have given
an ever-growing group of “resolutionists" worldwide reason to hope that it
would one day be possible to intervene therapeutically in inflammatory
processes by means of synthetic “inflammation resolvers" (resolvins).
The drugs against inflammation and its
symptoms that are currently available – such as acetylsalicylic acid and COX-2
inhibitors – act, by contrast, as antagonists to certain arachidonic acid
metabolism reactions, which generate pro-inflammatory tissue hormones. These
include thromboxane and prostaglandins on the one hand and leukotrienes on the
other. Only two metabolism steps away from arachidonic acid, those SPMs are also
produced to which an anti-inflammatory effect has so far been attributed.
Indeed, a doctoral thesis in the Research
Training Group “Resolution of inflammation – Mediators, signalling and
therapeutic options" established at Goethe University in 2017 showed that the anti-inflammatory
macrophages form the two enzymes needed to produce SPMs. However, only under
non-physiological conditions – the researchers added stimulators that increased
the calcium permeability of the macrophage membrane (ionophores) – could tiny
amounts of SPMs be detected. Even when, as another study demonstrated,
pre-treated substrates of these enzymes were added to cell cultures of certain
white blood cells (neutrophilic leukocytes), these substrates were hardly
converted to lipoxins and resolvins.
Further suspicion was triggered by earlier
work on SPM receptors by Professor Stefan Offermanns, who, like Professor
Dieter Steinhilber, is project leader in the Collaborative Research Centre “Signalling
by fatty acid derivatives and sphingolipids in health and disease" hosted by
Goethe University. In his study, no effect of lipoxin A via the corresponding G
protein-coupled receptor could be identified. Lipid mediators transmit their
signals via these receptors. Moreover, in the blood plasma of healthy volunteers,
SPMs could at best be found in the single-digit picogramme range, even when
using the most sensitive and selective methods (coupling of chromatography and
mass spectrometry).
On the basis of these findings,
Steinhilber's research team combed through all the papers on SPMs published so
far. This review endorsed their dismantling of the SPM concept: human
leukocytes, to which macrophages also belong, can at best synthesize small
amounts of SPMs. These amounts are so tiny that they cannot be reliably
quantified even with state-of-the-art analytics. There is no correlation
between SPM synthesis and the resolution of an inflammatory reaction nor with a
targeted intake of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids. To date, there is no
valid evidence of functional SPM receptors.
“Insiders have known for a long time that
the SPM concept was questionable," says Steinhilber. “But until now no one has
taken the trouble to gather all the doubts together." There had to be another
mechanism of active inflammation resolution, he says. “Because the transformation
of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages into anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages
clearly goes hand in hand with a change in the lipid and cytokine profile."
“The search for the molecular signals that
our body uses to actively prevent excessive or chronic inflammation continues
to be exciting," says Professor Bernhard Brüne, Vice President of Goethe
University and spokesperson for the Research Training Group. “It's a source of
motivation for our future research."
Publication:
Nils Helge Schebb, Hartmut Kühn, Astrid S.
Kahnt, Katharina M. Rund, Valerie B. O'Donnell, Nicolas Flamand, Marc
Peters-Golden, Per-Johan Jakobsson, Karsten H. Weylandt, Nadine Rohwer, Robert
C. Murphy, Gerd Geisslinger, Garret A. FitzGerald, Julien Hanson, Claes
Dahlgren, Mohamad Wessam Alnouri, Stefan Offermanns, Dieter Steinhilber: Formation, Signalling and Occurrence of Specialized
Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators – What is the Evidence so far? Frontiers in Pharmacology (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.838782
Further
information:
Professor Dieter Steinhilber
Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
Tel.: +49 (0)69 798-29324
Steinhilber@em.uni-frankfurt.de
https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/53483647/Arbeitskreis_Prof__Dr__Steinhilber
Cell culture studies in Frankfurt and Canterbury previously showed effects of Aprotinin against SARS-CoV-2
A clinical study from Spain recently confirmed laboratory experiments made by researchers of Goethe University Frankfurt and University of Kent who showed that the protease inhibitor aprotinin prevented cells to be infected by SARS-CoV2. The authors of the clinical study report that patients receiving an aprotinin aerosol could be discharged from hospital significantly earlier.
FRANKFURT. SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes
COVID-19, needs its spike proteins to dock onto proteins (ACE receptors) on the
surface of the host cells. Before this docking is possible, parts of the spike
protein have to be cleaved by host cell's enzymes called proteases. In 2020, a
scientific team led by Professor Jindrich Cinatl (Goethe University Frankfurt,
Germany), Professor Martin Michaelis and Professor Mark Wass (both University
of Kent, UK), conducted cell culture experiments and found that aprotinin, a
protease inhibitor, could inhibit virus replications by preventing SARS-CoV-2
entry into host cells.
In a more recent study, the research
consortium further showed that aprotinin is also effective against the Delta
and Omicron variants.
Now, a Spanish research consortium has
published the findings of a phase III clinical study investigating the use of
an aprotinin aerosol in COVID-19 patients. Among other improvements, aprotinin
treatment reduced the length of hospital stays by five days.
Professor Jindrich Cinatl, Goethe
University Frankfurt, said: “This shows how scientific collaborations work even
without a direct relationship between researchers. I am very glad that our cell
culture study inspired this successful clinical trial".
Professor Martin Michaelis, University of
Kent, said: “Our cell culture data looked very convincing. It is exciting that
aprotinin has now also been shown to be effective against COVID-19 in
patients."
Spanish
study: Francisco Javier Redondo-Calvo et. al.:
Aprotinin treatment against SARS-CoV-2: A randomized phase III study to
evaluate the safety and efficacy of a pan-protease inhibitor for moderate
COVID-19. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. (2022) https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13776
More
about the studies of Goethe University and University of Kent:
1) The drug aprotinin inhibits entry of
SARS-CoV2 in host cells https://aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de/englisch/the-drug-aprotinin-inhibits-entry-of-sars-cov2-in-host-cells/
2) Researchers of the University of Kent
and Goethe-University find explanation why the Omicron variant causes less
severe disease https://aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de/englisch/researchers-of-the-university-of-kent-and-goethe-university-find-explanation-why-the-omicron-variant-causes-less-severe-disease/
Further
Information:
Professor Jindrich
Cinatl
Institute of Medical Virology
University Hospital Frankfurt and Goethe University Frankfurt
Phone.: +49 (0) 69 6301-6409
cinatl@em.uni-frankfurt.de
Online program promotes exercise and maintains well-being during pandemic
Interactive training programs for use at home can make the restrictions during a lockdown more bearable. The live-streaming of sports offerings allows for a significant increase in physical activity, revealed a research team from ten countries headed by the Institute of Sport Science at Goethe University Frankfurt. At the same time well-being improved compared to an inactive control group. One year previously, the team had described the negative impacts of coronavirus restrictions on exercise and well-being.
FRANKFURT. People
were about 40 per cent less active during the first lockdown in the spring of 2020.
This has been revealed by an international study headed by Goethe University
Frankfurt. Psychological well-being also declined, with the proportion of
people at risk of depression increasing threefold. In order to cushion the
effects of this negative development, the research team designed an online training
program for use at home and studied whether the physical activity that is so
important to general health could be maintained during a lockdown. The results
of the study were recently published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine.
Of 763 healthy subjects from nine
countries on four continents, half trained for four weeks using a live-stream program,
the others formed the control group. Those training could select from a number
of daily workouts – for example with the focus on strength, endurance, balance
or relaxation. Professional trainers actively accompanied them with a camera
and microphone. Each week both groups completed standardised questionnaires on physical activity, anxiety, mental well-being, quality
of sleep, pain and sport motivation.
The training program was particularly
effective in improving movement behavior in the participants: physical activity
was initially as much as 65 per cent higher on average in the online group than
in the comparison group, and still 20 to 25 per cent higher after four weeks. Thus,
the course participants clearly surpassed the WHO recommendations of at least 150
minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of intensive exercise per week, while the control
group only just attained these. At the same time the motivation to do sport,
psychological well-being and sleep improved, and anxiety levels decreased.
“While these improvements are minor, they are nevertheless potentially relevant,"
stresses study head Dr. Jan Wilke from the Institute
of Sport Science at Goethe University Frankfurt. “Our participants were all
healthy – the effects with patients could be significantly greater, in
particular with people who have chronic disease." In addition, he said, four
weeks is a very short period for such efficacy studies. Participants who took
part in at least two courses per week stated their fitness was even better and they
had a greater feeling of well-being, yet did not note any further improvement
with sleep or fears.
Unfortunately, only just under half of the
participants completed the study. The research group attributed this in
particular to the considerable effort of completing the questionnaires each week.
This frequent information retrieval was intended to ensure that the study would
allow conclusions to be drawn even if the lockdown regulations were relaxed. The
changes in local conditions in the same period could also have lowered the motivation
of some participants, for example if local fitness studios had reopened.
Moreover, the requirements were very strict: those who did not respond by
completing the questionnaire were eliminated from the study.
“Train at home, but not alone" – it is
best to train at home with others, this is how the working group summarised its
findings on exercise offerings in the pandemic-induced lockdown. For: following
the main section of the study – the live-streaming – when both groups had
access to recorded contents, the differences that had been observed declined in
part. According to Wilke, this is due to both the activation of the control group
as well as to the change in the form of the physical activity intervention
(live vs. recorded).
The study authors expressly underline the importance
of exercise in our daily lives: in line with the latest data, physical inactivity
causes eight to nine per cent of all premature deaths, increases the risk of
cardiac disease, metabolic disorders and cancers, as well as proneness to the
novel coronavirus. They believe that it is probably all the more important in
lockdown to offer online training for people with chronic illnesses – for
example diabetics – whose health could possibly suffer additionally under the
restrictions imposed by a pandemic.
Publication:
Jan Wilke, Lisa Mohr, Gustavo Yuki, Adelle
Kemlall Bhundoo, David Jiménez-Pavón, Fernando Laiño, Niamh Murphy, Bernhard
Novak, Stefano Nuccio, Sonia Ortega-Gómez, Julian David Pillay, Falk Richter,
Lorenzo Rum, Celso Sanchez-Ramírez, David Url, Lutz Vogt, Luiz Hespanhol. Train at home, but not alone: a randomised
controlled multicentre trial assessing the effects of live-streamed
tele-exercise during COVID-19-related lockdowns. Br. J. Sports Med. (2022) https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104994
Picture
download:
https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/117155105
Caption:
Sports offerings via live streaming promotes
activity and well-being during pandemic lockdowns. Photo: Jan Wilke,
Goethe-University Frankfurt
Further
information:
Dr. phil. Jan Wilke
Institute of Sports Sciences
Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
Phone +49 (69) 798-24588,
wilke@sport.uni-frankfurt.de